IonCube Loader Wrong Version
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All of file and folder permissions are set as instructed in the installation instructions and all of the ashoptest.php tests pass, but when attempting to run install.php, an IonCube error reports that a loader must be installed. The message may be similar to this.

/home/user/www/install.php requires the ionCube PHP Loader ioncube_loader_lin_4.3.so to be installed by the site administrator."

In this case, ashoptest.php reported the following:
IonCube decryption is working.
IonCube loader version 3.1 - PASSED

Note that the IonCube loader version reported by ashoptest.php (3.1) is different than the one that IonCube is asking for (4.3). The IonCube loader version must be compatible with the operating system and the version of PHP that is running on the server. The ioncube directory may or may not contain the version 4.3 ioncube loader, but ashoptest.php still reports version 3.1 is installed. This indicates that IonCube is installed centrally on the server, but the centrally installed version is incorrect and does not match the version of PHP that is installed on the server. When the IonCube loader is installed centrally on the server, the centrally installed loader takes precedence over the (runtime) ioncube/loader. The centrally installed IonCube loader must be updated to match the version of PHP that is running on the server. Root user access to the server is typically required to make this change.